“The Ball” by John Berryman (1989)

As a teacher and influence on Philip Levine, John Berryman’s importance cannot be understated. This poem from the major figure of Confessionalism showcases the clarity of voice and play of enjambment that also characterize Levine’s “What Work Is.” Despite its themes of desire and money, however, “The Ball” leans more existential than economic, an interesting discrepancy to read in the gap between the poems of teacher and student.

“Blasting from Heaven” by Philip Levine (1968)

While “What Work Is” appears in one of Levine’s final books of poetry, published in 1991, this poem is an example from one of Levine’s earliest books of poetry, Not This Pig (1968). Unlike his later work, Levine’s early poems used rhyme and more traditional structures. While “Blasting from Heaven” demonstrates its similarity to “What Work Is” with its focus on work and the working class, it’s use of end-rhyme and more refined structure showcase the range of Levine’s literary career.

“You Can Have It” by Philip Levine (1991)

This poem is preoccupied with work, with the devastating effects of blue-collar labor, and the impact these things can have on the relationship of two brothers.