At the time of the novel's writing, the caste system had been in place for over two thousand years. It divides society into four tiers of privilege. The highest ranks comprise the wealthy, the intellectuals, and other positions of power. The Untouchables are actually even lower than the lowest caste, comprising a fifth class outside of rank, and is seen as filthy, even to the point of being able to pollute upper caste members through their touch. Early in the novel, Sohini goes to the well to fetch water. Water is a necessity to survive and should be available to all. The cruelty of the caste system is well-illustrated by the line of Untouchables waiting at the well, but who cannot step forward and draw their own water, no matter how thirsty they might be. Without water, the Untouchables cannot live, but they depend on the mercy of the upper Hindus to draw water for them. This system is cruel, but also illustrates how interdependent the society is.

The Untouchables are often described by vile names, and Bakha's father reminds his son frequently that the Brahmins are their superiors. In order to survive, Bakha must beg for food, which is thrown at him.