Also known as air pressure, barometric pressure is the pressure within Earth's atmosphere. The baseline of barometric pressure is at sea level, and the pressure lessens as elevation increases, allowing for flight. Barometric pressure is caused by gravity's effect on air and is affected by temperature, humidity, and wind velocity.

Centrifugal force states that the faster something spins, the more forcefully something is ejected from it. The Earth's rotation creates centrifugal force, which helps rockets leave the planet's atmosphere.

Coriolis force acts on rotating objects. The Coriolis effect describes how the Earth’s rotation affects things that are not attached to the planet, especially since the Earth spins faster at the Equator than at its poles. A clear example is weather patterns like cyclones, and pilots take the Coriolis effect into account when charting flight paths.