In The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, John J. Mearsheimer anchors his narrative within the realist school of international relations. Realism, distinguished by its perception of the international system as a competitive arena, is founded on the notion that nation-states are logical actors pursuing power and safety in a leaderless global environment. This approach sharply diverges from idealism, which underscores the significance of international collaboration and the influence of international institutions and norms in molding state conduct.

Mearsheimer’s interpretation is a unique variant of realism, often labeled “offensive realism.” Contrary to classical realism, which suggests that states seek power chiefly for security reasons, offensive realism contends that the paramount aim of any significant power is to secure regional dominance as a survival strategy. This belief stems from a cynical perspective of human nature and international politics where trust is rare and power reigns supreme. Mearsheimer’s examination deviates from other realist schools by highlighting the intrinsic belligerence of great powers and the unending nature of their quest for power, contesting more traditional realist views that focus on preserving the status quo.