Individualism denotes the belief in an individual’s inherent moral worth. This concept has been a key American value since the nation’s founding in the late 18th century, with the incorporation of social Darwinism (or the survival of the fittest in a social context) in the 19th century resulting in a widespread cultural enshrinement of egotism and individual economic productivity. In her philosophy of objectivism, Rand adopted and extended this individualism to its extreme, casting it as a deliberate antithesis to the collectivist and socialist precepts of communism. Radical individualism is therefore a key tenet of the objectivist philosophy that underpins The Fountainhead’s message and themes.

The character of Howard Roark is a living embodiment of individualism and independence, for he holds himself apart from society and lives authentically according to his own convictions, regardless of the external pressures and public opinions that seek to destroy him. He is described as “immortal” and “innocent” because he is uniquely untouched by society’s taint or influence and acts as a magnet to others of similar principles. He is the novel’s protagonist and hero, and the ultimately victorious conclusion of his

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