On April 14, 1865, exactly four years after his surrender, Major Anderson returned to Fort Sumter to once again raise the American flag—the same one he left with four years earlier. Captain Doubleday—now a war hero for his bravery at Gettysburg—was also in attendance, as were thousands of others who came to pay their respects and celebrate the Union victory.

Robert E. Lee and the Confederacy had surrendered five days earlier, on April 9, at the Appomattox Court House in Virginia. Charleston had surrendered two months earlier to a force of Black soldiers. A total of 750,000 Americans died in the war.

The first major battle of the American Civil War occurred at Bull Run in July 1861 and was a Confederate victory. Edmund Ruffin participated in it and was pleased to have killed retreating Union soldiers. The carnage of the battle destroyed any naïve views toward the coming conflict; the war would be long and bloody.

Mary and James Chesnut spent much of the war in Richmond, Virginia, which was the Confederacy’s new capital. When the couple returned to South Carolina, they found that their plantation had been largely destroyed by Union forces, leaving them poor.