War defines the history of the Shawnee in the decades preceding Tecumseh’s birth and continues to dominate it during his lifetime. The two, major, male authority figures in his early life—his father, Puckeshinwa, and his older brother Chiksika—are both killed in battle against European settlers. Similarly, Tecumseh’s mother, Methoataske, flees traditional Shawnee territory in Ohio to distance herself and some of her children from the encroachment of American settlers. In short, Tecumseh enters a world in which his people are constantly threatened by the expansion of the “Long Knives” further west.

According to Edmunds, a dying Puckeshinwa asks Chiksika to “never make peace with the Virginians” at the Battle of Point Place (20). After Chiksika dies in combat in 1788, Tecumseh spends two years roaming Kentucky and Tennessee seeking vengeance. This experience transforms Tecumseh from a young man into a Shawnee warrior. Thus, defending his lands from European settlers is a kind of birthright handed down to Tecumseh from his father and older brother.

Tecumseh often urges restraint when dealing with Americans once he and Tenskwatawa attain positions of prominence among the Indigenous peoples. This is contrasted to the less cautious approach of

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