In the early 20th century, Spain was experiencing faith and identity crises stemming from political upheaval and social unrest. This period, following on the heels of the Carlist Wars (1833-1876), exposed deep societal divides over succession, tradition, and the emerging clash between conservative Catholicism and liberal ideologies. The political instability, characterized by frequent government changes and military interventions, culminated in significant events, such as Queen Isabella’s deposition, the ephemeral existence of the First Republic, and the monarchy’s restoration.

Catholicism’s dominant role in shaping societal norms, education, and politics during this time is pivotal to understanding the novella. The Church’s influence pervaded daily life, guiding social behaviors and community practices. In rural Spanish villages like the fictional Valverde de Lucerna, traditional practices and a deep-rooted sense of community survived, with life revolving around agriculture, religious festivals, and local customs. These communities held tightly to their collective identity and traditions, contrasting sharply with the urbanized cities, such as Renada, which experienced rapid modernization, industrial growth, and cultural diversification. This modernization brought about a more individualistic lifestyle, introducing new ideas, technologies, and cultural influences that accelerated the pace of life and complicated traditional social structures.

Unamuno’s work, especially its portrayal of characters like

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