Rachel and Her Children: Homeless Families in America

Jonathan Kozol’s Rachel and Her Children has weighed heavy on the conscience of Americans since it was first published in 1988. A brilliant observer of class struggle, race, poverty and education, this book was based on Kozol’s real-life experiences after months living among the homeless. A well-established spokesperson for the underprivileged, Kozol offers readers an intimate look into the daily lives of the men, women, and children flooding into America’s homeless shelters.

Throughout the book, Kozol dismantles the bureaucracy that lands people living on the streets. He depicts the indifference displayed toward these individuals who often find themselves in circumstances beyond their own control in which they can no longer secure independent living for themselves or their children.

Kozol makes the argument that the heart of the problem lies in the lack of affordable housing available to people of lesser means. He goes into detail about the detrimental effects of homelessness and how it has the potential to destroy the lives of adults as well as children, who are now the fastest growing demographic of the homeless. Kozol rejects the idea that homeless people are drug addicts, alcoholics, and mentally ill, presenting evidence that suggests that the homeless population is increasingly made up of families who have lost their homes following a major disaster.



Kozol examines the topic of homelessness through the lens of the New York City shelter system. He notes the day-to-day misery that homeless families are subjected to, much of which derives from the policy of deterrence, which is the concept that by making the process of obtaining help extremely unpleasant, all but the truly needy will give up trying to access it. It works in that there is an extreme aversion among the homeless to shelter life, many attempting to avoid it by doubling up in homes with other families, staying with friends or relatives. Eventually, most of them find themselves overstaying their welcome, and turn to the welfare center for help, which in turn sends them to an Emergency Assistance Unit, which ultimately assigns them to a barracks or hotel.

This is the beginning of an endless cycle in which families are moved from one temporary residence to the next, with parents often losing their jobs in the process as they spend most of their working hours trying to secure housing. Kozol also makes mention of instances where pregnant women and sick children have been sent to stay in unsafe shelters, or have even been denied shelter, which is in opposition to state regulations.

After an extended period in the shelter system, families may secure for themselves 28-day housing at a long-term hotel. Many of Kozol’s encounters with the homeless occur in places like the Martinique, long-term hotels where tenants are crammed into rooms often infested with vermin. The conditions are dismal at best, often involving excessive drug use and prostitution.



Not only are these families forced to endure these living conditions, but they also are subject to harmful regulations that make their everyday lives more difficult. For example, a father living with his family means less financial aid for his wife and children. Some fathers live separately from their family for these reasons, sneaking around to visit their own wife and children.

There is also regulation surrounding the seeking of permanent housing, which encourages families to constantly be looking to get out of the shelter system in spite of a severe shortage of available units. This is draining on parents who must bring their children with them to visit potential homes or entrust them to the care of a family member.

Tenants at long-term hotels are often prohibited from cooking in their rooms, but their stipend for food is so low that it necessitates them to sneak hot plates in, jeopardizing their ability to stay in the hotel.



The Rachel of the book’s title tells of how her children would beg for bread and bologna in the square, desperate to get something in their stomachs. Hunger forces many homeless to take desperate measures such as prostitution, doing whatever they have to in order to survive. Living in this way takes a severe psychological toll on a person, as evidenced by Laura, another woman Kozol encounters. She has been pleading with the owner of the Martinique to make some essential repairs to her room to no avail and is now living in unsafe conditions with her four children. They survive on bread, cheese, and peanut butter.

Kozol demonstrates how the immense challenges facing the homeless could crush even the most resilient of people. He cautions that there is an entire generation of people who will be malnourished, uneducated, and unemployable—if they even have the opportunity to make it to adulthood.