In many ways, Noli Me Tángere is a rebuke of theocratic methods of governance. José Rizal’s portrayal of friars and many of the narrator’s comments support this criticism. Rizal uses Father Dámaso and Salví to represent the status quo of theocracy, in which a government receives its authority from the church. Ibarra represents a more progressive view; however, it is important to note that his refusal to support the subversives’ uprising is more of an infusion of the church and government’s approaches to issues. For example, Ibarra asks Elías, “Have they forgotten the immense debt of gratitude they owe those who showed them the error of their ways and gave them faith, those who sheltered them from the tyranny of civilian power?” (324). Ibarra desires reforms but stands behind the idea that the church can be a positive force in society.

Elías represents a radical view. To him, there is no choice between secularism and theocracy. He views the church and government as forces that oppress Filipinos, so reform is the only way forward. Lastly, Tasio represents a secularist view. He willingly positions himself outside society and develops an eye for abuse of power.