In the opening chapter, Mandela discusses the Defiance Campaign and the “M” Plan. In subsequent chapters, he discusses Nationalist government policy and the 1949 Programme of Action. Discuss how the Defiance Campaign and “M” Plan relate to the 1949 Programme of Action and why the Programme of Action was necessary in the face of government policy. 

At several points in the text, Mandela discusses government policy by juxtaposing the government’s purported aims with the policies’ true intentions. Explain how Mandela uncovers and articulates the policies’ intended effects and discuss what they reveal about the government’s commitment to white supremacy.

The text makes clear the relationship(s) between the ANC and several other political parties and organizations. Discuss those relationships and what they reveal about the ANC’s political strategies, tactics, and ideals.