Douglass describes the cowskin as “a kind of whip seldom seen in the northern states […] made entirely of untanned, but dried, ox hide” and “about as hard as a piece of well-seasoned live oak” (111). The cowskin, though a literal instrument of abuse, is also a symbol of slaveholders’ complete power over those whom they owned. It is a metonym of both the subjugation and systemic oppression that upheld the plantation system. Douglass illustrates instances in which both his first slave master, Captain Anthony, the overseers, and Edward Covey used the cowskin whip to assert power. Though the overseers didn’t own the slaves, they existed alongside the slaveowners under a social contract which determined that white men had unfettered and, in many instances, extralegal authority to exact violence against the enslaved. They also shared the right, if they deemed it necessary, to take a black person’s life.

The ash cake was a mixture of coarse bran, meal, and water, placed between oak leaves and set carefully in the ashes of a dwindled fire. Ashes covered the surface of this bread as well. The ashes, along with the bran, ensured that the bread was never tasty, though the slaves appreciated it, due to knowing little else. Ash cake is a symbol of slaves’ bare sustenance and commitment to survival. They ate the cake in the fields along with “a small piece of pork, or two salt herrings” (111). Douglass recalls the meal that he had with his friend Sandy and Sandy’s wife during an evening when he was hiding from Covey. He remembers it as the best meal of his life, despite having later dined on haute cuisine with some of the world’s most notable personalities. The ash cake remained the best for him because it saved him from hunger.