In Metaphysics, actuality is a central concept representing the realized state or expression of an entity’s essence. It contrasts with potentiality, which is the inherent capacity for change or development. Actuality is the culmination of a thing’s potential, the state where its true form or nature is fully expressed. For example, an acorn achieves actuality as an oak tree. Aristotle uses this distinction to dissect the dynamic process of becoming and existence, emphasizing how entities move from potential to actual states, revealing their intrinsic nature.

Aristotle’s concept of cause in Metaphysics is a foundational element of his philosophy. He identifies four types of causes: material, formal, efficient, and final. The material cause pertains to the substance that composes an object, like the bronze of a statue. The formal cause refers to the form or arrangement that gives the object its identity. The efficient cause is the external factor that brings the object into being, like the sculptor of the statue. Finally, the final cause is the purpose or function of the object, its reason for being. This multi-faceted approach allows Aristotle to thoroughly examine the reasons behind the existence and change of objects in the world.