Prior to America’s involvement in World War II, many Japanese immigrants (Issei) and their American-born children (Nisei) lived on the West Coast, where they formed tight-knit communities. These immigrants were productive members of society, operating businesses and farms throughout the region. However, a series of xenophobic laws prevented Issei from becoming naturalized citizens, and this trend culminated in the 1922 landmark case, Ozawa v. United States, in which the United States Supreme Court declared that Issei were not eligible for citizenship because they were not white or of African descent. The ruling was codified in the Immigration Act of 1924, which barred further immigration from Japan.

America entered World War II after the Japanese attack on the American military base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. People of Japanese descent, many of whom were patriotic Americans, were branded as foreign adversaries. Issei were seen as “enemy aliens,” and many were arrested without due process and sent to concentration camps throughout the country, such as Fort Missoula Internment Camp in Montana. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 into law on February 19, 1942, ordering the forced removal of over 120,000 people of Japanese descent from the West Coast to concentration camps throughout the country.