An algorithm, as defined in Homo Deus, is a systematic procedure for solving problems, often implemented by computers. Harari expands this definition, suggesting that biological organisms can be viewed as complex algorithms shaped by evolutionary processes. He argues that just as computer algorithms process data to produce outcomes, biological algorithms process sensory input to generate behaviors and thoughts. This perspective challenges the traditional view of life and consciousness, placing algorithms at the center of biological and technological evolution. Harari’s exploration of algorithms is vital in understanding his predictions about AI surpassing human capabilities and reshaping the future.

The Anthropocene represents a proposed geological epoch highlighting the significant impact of human activities on Earth’s geology and ecosystems. Harari uses this concept to mark a paradigm shift in Earth’s history, where human actions have become the dominant influence on the planet’s environment and climate. This epoch is characterized by phenomena such as widespread species extinctions, climate change, and large-scale industrialization. By contextualizing human history within the Anthropocene, Harari emphasizes the responsibility and power humans hold in shaping the planet’s future as well as the potential consequences of their actions.