As Schiff notes, “Cleopatra was groomed for the throne” (27) from her earliest childhood. No expense was spared in preparing her to reign as monarch over the vast collected territories of Egypt, and by all accounts, her training was successful. The Ptolemaic dynasty fostered extremely capable women who were supported by social rights and a comprehensive education. Schiff asserts that Cleopatra is universally described as formidable (264), and exercised considerable influence at the height of her power. Nevertheless, Schiff also explores how Cleopatra faced many obstacles due to her status as a female ruler in a political world largely dominated by men.

Schiff depicts Cleopatra as a savvy politician who deploys various stratagems to secure her position and influence. Throughout her life, Cleopatra bolsters her power in Egypt through fostering a connection with her people: She learns their language (33), and inserts herself into their traditional religious rituals, eventually associating herself with Isis, the supremely powerful goddess. She also recognizes the value and even necessity of forging alliances with Roman men who can help her achieve her own goals. When locked in a civil war with her brother, she persuades

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