Burger's Daughter

Burger’s Daughter is a political novel by South African author and activist Nadine Gordimer, first published in 1979. Initially banned by the apartheid-era government in South Africa, it tells the story of a group of white anti-apartheid activists in the country as they attempt to topple the South African government. The main character is Rosa, the white daughter of famous activist and political prisoner Lionel Burger, and the story is inspired by real people and events that Gordimer witnessed as an activist in South Africa. Exploring themes of legacy, identity, what it means to truly be free, and the necessity of suffering to enact change, Burger’s Daughter is one of Gordimer’s most acclaimed works and is considered essential reading when it comes to the Apartheid era. Despite being banned in South Africa, it won the 1980 Central News Agency Literary Award, one of the country’s most prominent literary awards, thanks to its British release. In 2001 it was named one of the top ten South African books by The Guardian. Its ban inspired a 1980 companion book, What Happened to Burger’s Daughter or How South African Censorship Works, which contained essays by Gordimer and others.

Burger’s Daughter begins in Johannesburg, South Africa in 1974. Rosa is 26, and she’s just gotten word that her father, Lionel Burger, has died in prison three years into a life sentence for treason. She thinks back to when she was fourteen, and her mother Cathy died in prison. From a young age, she knew that her family—all white—supported the overthrow of the apartheid government, and her house was frequently open to supporters of the cause—both white and black. She grew up with Baasie, a young black boy the same age as Rosa, whom the Burgers informally adopted when his father was arrested and died in prison. She viewed Baasie as her brother, but they were separated when they were nine. She was sent to live with her father’s family, while Baasie was sent to friends and they lost contact. Both her parents were members of the South African Communist Party, which was outlawed by the government. Their association with this group eventually led to their arrest and imprisonment. Rosa is a firm supporter of her parents’ beliefs, and she suspects she’ll find the same fate eventually.

The Burger’s house is now empty, and it holds too many memories for Rosa. She decides to move in with Conrad, a student whom she befriended during her father’s trial. Conrad is interested in her role in the Burger family. He asks her why she always did what she was told by her parents. She’s not comfortable with him and decides to move out, getting her own apartment and working as a physiotherapist. In 1975, she attends a party held by a friend in Soweto. There, she overhears a black student talking contemptuously about white anti-apartheid activists. He says that their help is irrelevant, that white people can’t truly know what black people want, and that only black people can ultimately liberate themselves. She starts to doubt her mission. Despite being suspected by the government for involvement in her parents’ crimes, she manages to get a passport and leaves South Africa to stay in Nice, France with her father’s first wife, Katya. There, she falls in love with Bernard Chabalier, a Parisian academic. He convinces her to return home with him.



Before returning to Paris with Bernard, Rosa visits London for a few weeks. Although her passport requires she return to South Africa in under a year, she no longer intends to honor it, and she’s free to proudly identify as Burger’s daughter. This attracts media attention, and she becomes a political figure. At one event, she sees Baasie and approaches him, but he’s uninterested and tells her that’s not his name anymore. He calls himself by his original name, Zwelinzima Vulindlela, and says he’s become a radical. He tells Rosa that her father was nothing special, that many black men died in prison the same way. He rejects her help, and Rosa is devastated. Her plan to go into exile in France has no more appeal for her, and she returns home to her job in Soweto. In 1976, protests erupt in Soweto among black schoolchildren, and these quickly turn into riots. White welfare workers are killed, and the government brutally squashes down the resistance. Hundreds are killed, and in 1977, many organizations critical of the white government are banned. Mass political arrests follow, and Rosa is swept up and detained. She’s charged with subversion and aiding and abetting the student revolt. Rosa reflects that, like she always knew would, she followed in her parents’ footsteps as a political prisoner.

Nadine Gordimer was a South African writer, political activist, and the 1991 recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature. Her writing primarily focused on the apartheid era in South Africa, leading to many of her works being banned in her home country. Later in life, she was active in HIV/AIDS-related activism. She was the author of fifteen novels, a play, and dozens of collections of short stories and poetry. She was inducted into both the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the Royal Society of Literature, and was named as a Commander of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.