A technology of human behavior refers to the scientific study of human behavior, known today as the social sciences. These include psychology, anthropology, and sociology. In Beyond Freedom and Dignity, Skinner advocates for a technology of human behavior that could determine the underlying causes of behaviors, allowing them to be more effectively manipulated. Skinner proposes that a scientific approach would help rectify social problems like violence and overpopulation.

The concept of autonomous man is akin to the concept of free will. In this context, autonomous refers to the idea that human behavior does not have causes but is created by autonomous choices. Thus, humans are held accountable for their behavior. Skinner argues against the existence of autonomous man. He claims that behavior arises from antecedent and environmental causes.

Operant conditioning is a behavioral modification process that uses rewards and penalties referred to as positive and negative reinforcers, respectively. Eating when hungry is a simple example of operant conditioning, in which the behavior of eating is positively reinforced by feeling sated. Sunburn is an example of a negative reinforcer—individuals will avoid staying in the sun for too long after experiencing a painful sunburn.