This is the central concept of the book and is defined by the ability of a system to not only withstand volatility and disorder, but to actually benefit from it, becoming stronger and more adaptable as a result. According to Taleb, antifragile systems have three key characteristics: a built-in mechanism to respond to stressors and shocks by adapting and improving; a capacity for variability, meaning that they can benefit from both positive and negative fluctuations; a degree of redundancy, or “slack”, that allows them to absorb and recover from shocks. Ultimately, Taleb suggests that antifragility is a key ingredient for survival and growth in a complex and unpredictable world.

This term refers to a method of financial portfolio management that involves putting most of one’s assets in low-risk, stable investments while allocating a small amount to high-risk, high-reward investments. This strategy takes advantage of convexity and optionality, which provide both stability and potential upside, with opportunities for individuals or systems to simultaneously benefit from both stability and innovation. Taleb argues that the Barbell Strategy is antifragile because it can withstand unexpected events and still be resilient, while also being able to take advantage of new opportunities.