The narrator and protagonist of American Dervish, Hayat Shah comes of age as a Muslim-American boy throughout the story. Hayat has few friends and is caught in the middle of his parents’ tumultuous marriage—even serving as his betrayed mother’s confidante—at the beginning of the novel. The withdrawn, watchful ten-year-old finds the fulfillment he craves in Mina, the object of his instant infatuation and his teacher in the ways of Islam. Mina’s religious education gives the boy purpose, self-esteem, and a sense of wonder about the world beyond what he sees. Hayat also experiences a sexual awakening concurrent with his religious awakening, further intensifying his connection to the beautiful Mina. 

Hayat’s dogged pursuit of becoming a hafiz reveals the importance of intention—a word Mina often repeats—behind religious faith. As Hayat continues studying, he develops a fear of hell and an intolerance of Jewish people that is borne of jealousy. He also dreams of the Prophet Muhammad, which signifies both his deep faith and his doubts.

Although Hayat often does not understand the adults around him, he keeps an attentive eye on their behaviors and speech. On the other hand, the adults, ignorant about the strength of the boy’s jealousy, are blindsided by the covert telegram he sends Mina’s ex-husband.